Add this copy of Development of Species Identification in Birds; : an to cart. £13.01, very good condition, Sold by ThriftBooks-Reno rated 4.0 out of 5 stars, ships from Reno, NV, UNITED STATES, published 1971 by University of Chicago Press.
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Very Good in Good jacket. 5 1/2x8 1/2. Hard Cover. Very Good/Good. 5 1/2x8 1/2. VG, G. 176 pages, w/illust. Subtitle: An Inquiry into the Prenatal Determinants of Perception. Dust jacket is lightly sunfaded on spine, and lightly soiled on rear. Full cloth exterior with title on spine in green. Interior is unmarked, tight and clean.
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b/w photos; charts & Graphs. Near Fine in Very Good jacket. 12 vo. First Edition, First Printing; dj w/lite wear only, in mylar; brown c w/dark brown titles; ownr's name; 176 clean, unmarked pages.
Add this copy of Development of Species Identification in Birds: an to cart. £21.61, very good condition, Sold by Brian Bauld (B-Line Books) rated 4.0 out of 5 stars, ships from Amherst, NS, CANADA, published 1971 by University of Chicago Press.
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Very Good+ in Very Good dust jacket. 0226305058. STiff crisp book in clean brown illustrated cloth; unmarked but for name to front endpaper; in rubbed dust jacket with touches of edgewear.; 9.1 X 6.6 X 1.1 inches; 187 pages.
Add this copy of Development of Species Identification in Birds: an to cart. £21.61, very good condition, Sold by Sapsucker Books rated 3.0 out of 5 stars, ships from Grafton, VT, UNITED STATES, published 1971.
This is an excellent study in epigenesis, or how embryonic development and postnatal sensation and muscular activity together make ontogeny complete. Experiments with domestic and wild birds demonstrate that normal sensation and muscular development contribute to ontogeny, both before and after hatching. Two varieties of wild and domestic ducks are ground-nesting and hole-nesting. Ground-nesting chicks both hear and see the mother on hatching. Hole-nesting chicks hear the mother in the nest as chicks, but do not see her until she leads them out of the nest as ducklings. Auditory and visual reinforcement by both mother and ducking begin in the prenatal period and continue after hatching. This evaporates the ?nature-nurture controversy? because ??manifest changes and improvements in species-specific perception do not represent merely the unfolding of a fixed or predetermined organic substrate independent of normally occurring sensory stimulation? (156).
Gottlieb experimented with very large numbers of embryos and chicks over a long period. He maintained his experimental conditions scrupulously. For instance, some chicks ?pip? (begin breaking out) at the small end of the egg, while most pip at the large end. He excluded from experiments all chicks that pipped at the small end to eliminate any difference that might arise from the orientation of the embryo during ontogeny. So exacting were his controls over the conditions and the sizes of samples that he writes, ??it becomes perfectly understandable why such a pursuit has failed to attract many investigators ? it is very tedious work, it takes a long time to complete, and one must continually suspend judgment about the outcome? (x).
He created three groups of embryos and chicks. He (1) deprived some of experience of maternal calls, (2) he substituted maternal calls from other species for some, and (3) kept experience of maternal calls normal for some. Once the chicks in these groups hatched, they approached and followed mothers of their own species and of other species differently and vocalized differently. Ducklings that he deprived of normal reinforcement, or the he subjected to substitute calls in reinforcement, achieved less of the normal repertoire of adult behavior.
Neonates respond better to auditory than to visual stimulation, maybe because the auditory system functions earlier in embryonic development than the visual system. Domestic ducks approached and followed auditory stimuli more specifically than did wild chicks, but these same varieties did not differ in response to visual stimuli. For instance, the domestic peking duck embryo becomes overtly responsible to mallard maternal calls on day 22, 5 days before hatching, when it is able to respond specifically to the maternal call of the appropriate species. It is necessary for embryos to hear their own vocalizations after hatching, because devocalized embryos brooded in isolation never achieved all the discriminations vocal ducklings can make.
Sequentially consistent chapters, each with its own summary, make this short book easy to read, even if the style is somewhat turgid academic prose largely written in the passive voice. Any reader will admire this man?s careful tabulations, helpful photographs, clear descriptions, and complete index.
